CosmicClash/Game/scripts/networked_match.gd

class_name NetworkedMatch
extends GameMode

# Phase 2: server-authoritative simulation, dumb client (multiplayer-todo.md
# §7 Phase 2). The server runs the real physics for every ship — via
# RLShipController, fed by each connected player's forwarded input — and
# the ball, and broadcasts NetCodec snapshots at 60Hz. The client renders
# everything, including its own ship, from the interpolation buffer; there
# is no local prediction yet (that's Phase 4), so every body on the client
# is FREEZE_MODE_KINEMATIC and driven entirely by incoming snapshots.
#
# No HUD/Arena child in networked_match.tscn — both are built in code, once
# the arena is actually known (the server picks one; the client learns it
# from match_config), which is why this overrides _ready() completely
# rather than relying on GameMode's default (arena-required-synchronously)
# flow.

# Only score_changed is actually emitted in Phase 2 — Phase 5 owns the match
# lifecycle state machine (timer, kickoff countdown, overtime, results), so
# those signals get declared there, alongside real emission. Declaring one
# here without emitting it isn't harmless: HUDController gates the timer
# widget's visibility purely on has_signal("timer_updated"), so a declared-
# but-dead signal shows a permanently frozen timer rather than correctly
# hiding it the way free_play.gd's total absence of the signal does.
signal score_changed(score: Dictionary)

const NetCodec = preload("res://scripts/net_codec.gd")
const NetBodyState = preload("res://scripts/net_body_state.gd")
const NetInterpolator = preload("res://scripts/net_interpolator.gd")
const InputJitterBuffer = preload("res://scripts/input_jitter_buffer.gd")
const InputLeadController = preload("res://scripts/input_lead_controller.gd")
const HUD_SCENE = preload("res://scenes/HUD.tscn")

# Minimum plausible interpolation delay even on a same-machine/LAN link —
# §4.6's INTERP_DELAY clamp floor. The full formula (one_way + snapshot
# interval*1.5 + 2.5*jitter_ewma) is simplified here to one_way + interval*1.5
# with no jitter term yet (no jitter EWMA is tracked before Phase 3) — close
# enough for Phase 2's "smooth, not exactly latency-optimal" bar.
const INTERP_DELAY_MIN_MS := 25.0
const INTERP_DELAY_MAX_MS := 200.0
const SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS := 1000.0 / 60.0

# NetInterpolator.to_tick() assumes Time.get_ticks_msec() == physics_frame *
# TICK_MS on the SERVER, i.e. that physics frame 0 happened at process-start
# wall time. It doesn't: real startup work (autoloads, asset loading) elapses
# before the first physics step, and any dropped tick widens the gap further
# — it only ever grows. An adversarial review found this was NOT a rounding
# error: it measured a steady +45-50ms bias on a real run, meaning EVERY
# to_tick(get_server_time_estimate_ms()) call landed 3+ ticks past the
# newest buffered sample, so sample_at() took the extrapolation branch 100%
# of the time — zero real interpolation ever happened, on LAN or under
# simulated latency alike, silently defeating the entire interpolation
# buffer this phase was built around.
#
# Fix: this bias is a property of the server's clock, not of any one body,
# so track ONE shared estimate here (not per-interpolator) from every
# snapshot's own server_tick versus this client's server-time estimate at
# receipt. Take the MINIMUM over a rolling window — same rationale as
# NetworkManager's own min-RTT filtering (network_manager.gd): the sample
# with the least one-way transit delay best isolates the constant epoch
# bias from per-packet network noise, and a rolling (not all-time) window
# lets a real increase in the bias — the server dropping more ticks later
# in the match — still get picked up rather than staying pinned to a
# now-stale historical minimum.
const TICK_BIAS_WINDOW_SEC := 5.0

var _tick_bias_samples: Array[Dictionary] = []   # [{t_ms:int, bias_ms:float}], client only
var _tick_bias_ms := 0.0                          # best current estimate; 0.0 until the first snapshot


class SlotInfo:
	var peer_id: int
	var team: int
	var spawn_index: int
	var ship: Ship
	var controller: RLShipController      # server only
	var jitter_buffer := InputJitterBuffer.new()   # server only (§3.2)
	var last_client_send_ms := 0          # server only: echoed back per-peer next snapshot (§2.4)
	var interpolator := NetInterpolator.new()   # client only


var _slots: Array[SlotInfo] = []
var _my_slot: SlotInfo = null             # client only
var _ball_interpolator := NetInterpolator.new()   # client only
# client only: reads local input each tick to forward. Normally a
# PlayerShipController that's deliberately never added to a Ship/the tree —
# get_action() only touches the global Input singleton, so it needs no
# scene context. --test-bot mode (task 3.6) swaps this for a real
# AIShipController once the client's own ship is known (see
# _on_match_config_received) — unlike PlayerShipController, AIShipController
# DOES need real scene context (get_parent() as Ship, plus ball/teammate/
# opponent discovery via groups), so it's parented onto _my_slot.ship via
# Ship.set_controller() rather than left floating.
var _local_input_sampler: ShipController = PlayerShipController.new()
# --test-bot (task 3.6): CI/regression driver mode, an automated player via
# the existing AIShipController instead of a human — see CLAUDE.md's testing
# section. Read once in _ready(), consumed in _on_match_config_received.
var _test_bot_model_path := ""   # client only; non-empty means --test-bot mode is active
var _input_seq := 0                       # client only
# Redundancy (§3.1): newest-first, capped at NetCodec.MAX_REDUNDANCY, so a
# 3-packet burst loss still recovers every tick's action via a later
# packet's history. Client only.
var _input_history: Array[ShipAction] = []
var _last_received_snapshot_tick := 0     # client only: echoed back as ack_snapshot_tick
var _input_lead_controller := InputLeadController.new()   # client only (§3.3)
var _last_known_input_buffer_depth := -1  # client only: -1 = no snapshot with this field yet
# Loss estimate (task 3.7's debug overlay), client only: snapshots go out
# at a steady one-tick cadence, so a server_tick that jumps by more than 1
# since the last received one is direct evidence of a dropped or reordered
# snapshot on the unreliable channel. EWMA over each reception's own
# "missed / (missed + 1)" fraction rather than a flat drop-count, so it
# reads as a live percentage and decays naturally once loss stops.
const SNAPSHOT_LOSS_EWMA_ALPHA := 1.0 / 16.0
var _snapshot_loss_ewma := 0.0
var _expected_next_snapshot_tick := -1
# §3.1 step 4. Not 120: InputLeadController.LEAD_MAX is 12, so anything
# claiming to be further ahead of the current server tick than this is
# broken or hostile, not just an honest client running a legitimately fast
# lead.
const MAX_SEQ_LEAD_TICKS := 20
var _unknown_sender_input_count := 0      # server only, observability (§3.1 step 1)
var _reset_gen := 0                       # server only: bumped on every kickoff/goal reset so the client hard-snaps instead of interpolating across the teleport
# Server only. _on_goal_scored's reset_ball()/reset_ships() only QUEUE
# teleports (task 0.15's queue_teleport — applied on each body's next
# _integrate_forces), but _broadcast_snapshot runs later in the SAME frame
# _on_goal_scored fires in, before that teleport lands. Bumping _reset_gen
# immediately would tag the still-pre-teleport snapshot with the new
# generation: the client clears its buffer expecting a hard snap, then
# keeps exactly that stale in-goal sample and lerps a full-arena slide to
# the next, genuinely-post-teleport sample — an adversarial review measured
# a 26.8m ball slide from this.
#
# A plain "bump on the next _physics_process" boolean flag turned out NOT
# to fix it: the goal Area's body_entered signal (and so _on_goal_scored)
# fires as part of physics tick N's OWN step processing, before tick N's
# _physics_process callback — so a flag set there is already true by the
# time that SAME tick's _physics_process checks it, consuming on tick N
# instead of N+1 as intended (empirically confirmed: with a boolean flag,
# gen still bumped on the same tick the stale position was broadcast).
# The queued teleport, by contrast, isn't applied until tick N+1's
# _integrate_forces. So the two must be compared by TICK NUMBER, not by
# "next callback": only bump once the current tick is strictly later than
# the tick the goal was detected on, which guarantees at least one full
# _integrate_forces has run — and therefore the queued teleport has
# landed — since the flag was set.
var _pending_reset_gen_bump := false
var _pending_reset_gen_bump_tick := -1


func _ready() -> void:
	add_to_group("game")
	Engine.max_physics_steps_per_frame = 4
	if kickoff_rng_seed == 0:
		_kickoff_rng.randomize()
	if multiplayer.is_server():
		_start_server()
	else:
		for arg: String in OS.get_cmdline_user_args():
			if arg == "--test-bot":
				_test_bot_model_path = "res://bots/promoted/medium.json"
			elif arg.begins_with("--test-bot-model="):
				_test_bot_model_path = arg.get_slice("=", 1)
		MatchSim.match_config_received.connect(_on_match_config_received)
		MatchSim.snapshot_received.connect(_on_snapshot_received)
		MatchSim.score_update_received.connect(_on_score_update_received)
		_request_match_config_until_received()


# The one-shot server broadcast in _start_server() is racy against however
# long this client's own scene load took to reach this line — it may have
# already fired into a MatchSim with no listener connected yet, or the
# server may not have even started the match yet. Keep asking until
# _on_match_config_received actually populates _slots.
func _request_match_config_until_received() -> void:
	while _slots.is_empty() and is_inside_tree():
		MatchSim.request_match_config()
		await get_tree().create_timer(0.5).timeout


func _owns_goal_logic() -> bool:
	return multiplayer.is_server()


func _owns_world_simulation() -> bool:
	return multiplayer.is_server()


# _local_input_sampler is a plain Node (PlayerShipController extends
# ShipController extends Node) that's deliberately never added to the tree
# — dropping the last reference to it does not free it. An adversarial
# review traced the "3 resources still in use at exit" warning on every
# Phase 2 test run directly to this: --verbose named the leaked script
# chain (player_ship_controller.gd, ship_controller.gd, ship_action.gd)
# exactly, and adding this cleanup made the warning disappear. Runs
# unconditionally (not just client-side) since the field is initialized
# unconditionally too, despite its "client only" comment.
func _exit_tree() -> void:
	if is_instance_valid(_local_input_sampler):
		_local_input_sampler.free()


# ============================================================
# Server
# ============================================================

func _start_server() -> void:
	var arena_path := ArenaRegistry.random_path()
	arena = (load(arena_path) as PackedScene).instantiate()
	add_child(arena)
	for goal in arena.get_goals():
		goal.goal_scored.connect(_handle_goal_scored)

	spawn_ball()

	var peer_ids := PackedInt32Array()
	var teams := PackedInt32Array()
	var spawn_indices := PackedInt32Array()
	var team_counts := {0: 0, 1: 0}
	var sorted_peer_ids: Array = MatchNet.roster.keys()
	sorted_peer_ids.sort()
	for peer_id in sorted_peer_ids:
		var info: MatchNet.PlayerInfo = MatchNet.roster[peer_id]
		var spawn_index: int = team_counts.get(info.team, 0)
		team_counts[info.team] = spawn_index + 1
		var slot := SlotInfo.new()
		slot.peer_id = peer_id
		slot.team = info.team
		slot.spawn_index = spawn_index
		slot.controller = RLShipController.new()
		slot.ship = spawn_ship(info.team, spawn_index, slot.controller)
		_slots.append(slot)
		peer_ids.append(peer_id)
		teams.append(info.team)
		spawn_indices.append(spawn_index)

	MatchSim.send_match_config(arena_path, peer_ids, teams, spawn_indices)
	MatchSim.input_received.connect(_on_input_received)


func _on_input_received(peer_id: int, decoded: Dictionary) -> void:
	for slot in _slots:
		if slot.peer_id == peer_id:
			var seq: int = decoded["seq"]
			# §3.1 step 4. Not 120: input_lead is clamped to
			# InputLeadController.LEAD_MAX (12), so anything claiming to be
			# further ahead than this is broken or hostile, not just a fast
			# lead. This is also why InputJitterBuffer's ring can be fixed-
			# size — a client can never make the server allocate — but
			# rejecting the packet here still keeps garbage-far-future seq
			# values out of the ring entirely rather than letting them
			# silently overwrite a near-future slot some honest, in-range
			# packet is about to need.
			if seq > Engine.get_physics_frames() + MAX_SEQ_LEAD_TICKS:
				return
			slot.jitter_buffer.ingest(seq, decoded["actions"])
			slot.last_client_send_ms = decoded["client_send_ms"]
			return
	# A connected-but-not-yet-slotted peer (or one whose slot somehow
	# vanished) sending input — harmless (the packet is simply dropped,
	# same as always), but worth counting for observability (§3.1 step 1)
	# rather than silently discarding with no trace at all.
	_unknown_sender_input_count += 1


func _on_goal_registered(conceding_team: int) -> void:
	_record_goal(1 - conceding_team)
	MatchSim.send_score_update(score.duplicate())


func _on_goal_scored(_conceding_team: int) -> void:
	reset_ball()
	reset_ships()
	_pending_reset_gen_bump = true
	_pending_reset_gen_bump_tick = Engine.get_physics_frames()


func _broadcast_snapshot() -> void:
	var server_tick := Engine.get_physics_frames()
	var bodies: Array[NetBodyState] = []
	# Always one entry per slot, even for a momentarily-invalid ship
	# (placeholder zero state), so the ball always lands at the fixed index
	# _slots.size() the client assumes in _on_snapshot_received — skipping
	# invalid ships entirely would shift every later index. "No ship is ever
	# despawned" (§6.4) means this is unreachable today, but it's a silent
	# total-garbage failure mode the moment that stops being true, and the
	# fix costs nothing.
	for slot in _slots:
		bodies.append(_ship_to_net_body_state(slot.ship) if is_instance_valid(slot.ship) else NetBodyState.new())
	if is_instance_valid(ball):
		bodies.append(_ball_to_net_body_state(ball))
	var segment := NetCodec.pack_snapshot_body_segment(server_tick, 0, _reset_gen, bodies)
	# Building the shared body segment once and reusing it per peer (rather
	# than re-encoding per client) is the whole reason §2.4 splits the wire
	# format into a per-client header + a shared body segment in the first
	# place — see pack_snapshot_body_segment's own doc comment. The per-
	# client header (last_input_seq/input_buffer_depth/echo_client_send_ms)
	# is genuinely per-peer, built fresh below from each slot's own
	# InputJitterBuffer (§3.2) — last_applied_seq of -1 (nothing consumed
	# yet) encodes as 0 on the wire, which is safe: the client's own seq
	# numbering starts at 1, so 0 never collides with a real seq.
	# "No ship is ever despawned" (§6.4) means _slots outlives a disconnect —
	# a real one will be handled by Phase 5's reconnect/controller-swap
	# logic, but sending an RPC to a peer_id ENet no longer knows about
	# (found via the smoke test: a client that exits mid-match spammed
	# "Attempt to call RPC with unknown peer ID" every tick for the rest of
	# the host's run) throws instead of silently no-op'ing. Guard against it.
	var connected_peers := multiplayer.get_peers()
	for slot in _slots:
		if connected_peers.has(slot.peer_id):
			var last_input_seq := maxi(slot.jitter_buffer.last_applied_seq, 0)
			var bytes := NetCodec.pack_snapshot(last_input_seq, slot.jitter_buffer.depth(), slot.last_client_send_ms, segment)
			MatchSim.send_snapshot(slot.peer_id, bytes)


func _ship_to_net_body_state(ship: Ship) -> NetBodyState:
	var s := NetBodyState.new()
	s.position = ship.global_position
	s.rotation = ship.global_transform.basis.get_rotation_quaternion()
	s.linear_velocity = ship.linear_velocity
	s.angular_velocity = ship.angular_velocity
	s.frozen = false
	s.turbo = ship.is_turbo_active()
	# Matches Ship._update_movement_vfx's own read of thrust.z: only positive
	# forward thrust drives the visible flame (see task 2.6).
	s.thrust_z = clampf(maxf(ship.controller.get_action().thrust.z if ship.controller else 0.0, 0.0), 0.0, 1.0)
	s.avel_range = NetCodec.SHIP_AVEL_RANGE
	return s


func _ball_to_net_body_state(b: RigidBody3D) -> NetBodyState:
	var s := NetBodyState.new()
	s.position = b.global_position
	s.rotation = b.global_transform.basis.get_rotation_quaternion()
	s.linear_velocity = b.linear_velocity
	s.angular_velocity = b.angular_velocity
	s.avel_range = NetCodec.BALL_AVEL_RANGE
	return s


# ============================================================
# Client
# ============================================================

func _on_match_config_received(arena_path: String, peer_ids: PackedInt32Array, teams: PackedInt32Array, spawn_indices: PackedInt32Array) -> void:
	if not _slots.is_empty():
		# Not idempotent by accident: the original broadcast from
		# _start_server() and a reply to this client's own
		# request_match_config() (see _request_match_config_until_received)
		# can both legitimately arrive — the retry loop exists specifically
		# because either one alone isn't reliably delivered, so seeing both
		# is expected, not a protocol error. Processing this twice would
		# double-spawn the whole match (found via the two-process smoke
		# test: two arenas, two ships, two HUDs, _slots.size() == 2 instead
		# of 1). Once is enough.
		return
	var known := false
	for a in ArenaRegistry.ARENAS:
		if a["path"] == arena_path:
			known = true
			break
	if not known:
		push_error("NetworkedMatch: server sent unknown arena path '%s', refusing match_config" % arena_path)
		return

	arena = (load(arena_path) as PackedScene).instantiate()
	add_child(arena)
	# _owns_goal_logic() is false here, so GameMode's usual goal-signal wiring
	# never happens — a client's local (interpolated, laggy) Goal sensor must
	# never be allowed to decide a score, only the server's real one can.

	spawn_ball()
	ball.freeze = true
	ball.freeze_mode = RigidBody3D.FREEZE_MODE_KINEMATIC

	var my_id := multiplayer.get_unique_id()
	for i in peer_ids.size():
		var slot := SlotInfo.new()
		slot.peer_id = peer_ids[i]
		slot.team = teams[i]
		slot.spawn_index = spawn_indices[i]
		slot.ship = spawn_ship(slot.team, slot.spawn_index, null)
		slot.ship.freeze = true
		slot.ship.freeze_mode = RigidBody3D.FREEZE_MODE_KINEMATIC
		# §4.6: manual, per-render-frame $Visual updates must not fight
		# Godot's own built-in physics interpolation.
		if is_instance_valid(slot.ship.visual):
			slot.ship.visual.physics_interpolation_mode = Node.PHYSICS_INTERPOLATION_MODE_OFF
		_slots.append(slot)
		if slot.peer_id == my_id:
			_my_slot = slot

	_spawn_hud()
	if is_instance_valid(_my_slot) and is_instance_valid(_my_slot.ship):
		spawn_camera_rig(_my_slot.ship)
		if not _test_bot_model_path.is_empty():
			# --test-bot (task 3.6): swap the human input sampler for a real
			# AIShipController. Unlike PlayerShipController, this one needs
			# real scene context (get_parent() as Ship for itself, plus
			# ball/teammate/opponent discovery via groups) — Ship.set_controller()
			# parents it correctly, satisfying that. Known limitation: this
			# client's ships are all FREEZE_MODE_KINEMATIC and driven purely by
			# transform writes (§4.1/§4.6) — nothing here ever writes
			# linear_velocity/angular_velocity onto them, so ShipObservations
			# always sees every ship (including this one's own) as
			# stationary. The policy still produces well-formed, bounded
			# actions from that degraded input (PolicyNetwork's output layer
			# is bounded regardless of input quality) — good enough for a CI
			# traffic generator, which is this task's actual job, not bot
			# skill.
			var bot := AIShipController.new()
			bot.model_path = _test_bot_model_path
			_my_slot.ship.set_controller(bot)
			# Reassigning _local_input_sampler would orphan the original
			# PlayerShipController it pointed to — the exact same leak class
			# an adversarial review already caught once for this same field
			# (it's a plain Node, never in the tree, so nothing else would
			# ever free it). It's never parented, so free() is safe directly.
			if is_instance_valid(_local_input_sampler):
				_local_input_sampler.free()
			_local_input_sampler = bot


func _spawn_hud() -> void:
	hud = HUD_SCENE.instantiate()
	add_child(hud)


func _send_local_input() -> void:
	if _slots.is_empty():
		return   # match_config hasn't arrived yet
	var action := _local_input_sampler.get_action().copy()
	# Client-owned input_lead control loop (§3.3): ordinarily +1 (ship
	# increments its send sequence by exactly one tick's worth), but a lead
	# change this tick skips extra sequence numbers (attack, more server-
	# side buffer margin) or duplicates the current one (release, delta 0 —
	# one tick of latency recovered). A duplicated tick can, in the narrow
	# case where an older redundant copy hasn't been superseded yet, smear
	# one of _input_history's older backup slots by one position — the
	# PRIMARY (freshest, most-recently-relevant) value for every seq is
	# unaffected, so this only ever degrades a backup copy, never the real
	# per-tick record; §3.3 itself only promises "skip or duplicate a
	# sequence number," not frame-perfect bookkeeping under a lead change.
	_input_seq += _input_lead_controller.update(_last_known_input_buffer_depth)
	# Redundancy (§3.1): carry the last MAX_REDUNDANCY ticks' actions,
	# newest-first, so a burst of up to (MAX_REDUNDANCY - 1) consecutive
	# packet losses still lets the server recover every dropped tick's
	# action from a later packet — InputJitterBuffer.ingest() discards
	# whichever of these the server already applied, so re-sending old
	# ticks every packet is harmless, not just tolerated.
	_input_history.push_front(action)
	if _input_history.size() > NetCodec.MAX_REDUNDANCY:
		_input_history.resize(NetCodec.MAX_REDUNDANCY)
	var bytes := NetCodec.pack_input(_input_seq, _last_received_snapshot_tick, Time.get_ticks_msec(), _input_history)
	MatchSim.send_input(bytes)


func _on_snapshot_received(decoded: Dictionary) -> void:
	var server_tick: int = decoded["server_tick"]
	var reset_gen: int = decoded["reset_gen"]
	var bodies: Array = decoded["bodies"]
	if _expected_next_snapshot_tick >= 0:
		var missed := maxi(0, server_tick - _expected_next_snapshot_tick)
		var sample := float(missed) / float(missed + 1)
		_snapshot_loss_ewma += (sample - _snapshot_loss_ewma) * SNAPSHOT_LOSS_EWMA_ALPHA
	_expected_next_snapshot_tick = server_tick + 1
	_last_received_snapshot_tick = server_tick
	# Per-client header (§2.4): unlike the shared body segment, this is
	# genuinely this recipient's own — input_buffer_depth is THIS client's
	# own slot's server-side InputJitterBuffer.depth() at send time, which
	# is exactly what the input_lead control loop (§3.3) needs.
	_last_known_input_buffer_depth = decoded["input_buffer_depth"]
	_update_tick_bias(server_tick)
	for i in _slots.size():
		if i < bodies.size():
			_slots[i].interpolator.add_sample(server_tick, bodies[i], reset_gen)
	if bodies.size() > _slots.size():
		var ball_state: NetBodyState = bodies[_slots.size()]
		# unpack_snapshot() decodes every body's angular_velocity assuming
		# SHIP_AVEL_RANGE; the ball was quantised at BALL_AVEL_RANGE
		# (_ball_to_net_body_state), so it decodes 8x too small without this
		# — dormant today (nothing reads decoded angular_velocity yet) but
		# silently wrong the moment ball-spin VFX or Phase 4 prediction does.
		NetCodec.rescale_avel(ball_state, NetCodec.BALL_AVEL_RANGE)
		_ball_interpolator.add_sample(server_tick, ball_state, reset_gen)


# See the class-level comment above _tick_bias_samples for why this exists.
# bias_ms is how much further ahead to_tick(server_time_est) lands than the
# server_tick this snapshot actually carries — mostly the server's own
# physics-frame/wall-clock startup skew, plus a little real one-way transit
# noise that the rolling minimum below filters back out.
func _update_tick_bias(server_tick: int) -> void:
	# get_server_time_estimate_ms() is meaningless before the first pong
	# lands (clock_offset_ms == 0.0 until then, per network_manager.gd's own
	# doc comment) — recording a bias sample from it during that window
	# produced a garbage value (~-1.1s, the client's own raw pre-sync
	# uptime standing in for a server-synced estimate) that the rolling-min
	# window then locked onto for the rest of a short test, since 5 real
	# seconds never fully elapsed before the test ended. Skip entirely
	# until the clock is actually synced.
	if NetworkManager.rtt_ms < 0.0:
		return
	var server_time_est := NetworkManager.get_server_time_estimate_ms()
	var bias_ms := server_time_est - float(server_tick) * NetInterpolator.TICK_MS
	var now_ms := Time.get_ticks_msec()
	_tick_bias_samples.append({"t_ms": now_ms, "bias_ms": bias_ms})
	var cutoff := now_ms - int(TICK_BIAS_WINDOW_SEC * 1000.0)
	_tick_bias_samples = _tick_bias_samples.filter(func(s: Dictionary) -> bool: return s["t_ms"] >= cutoff)
	var best: float = _tick_bias_samples[0]["bias_ms"]
	for sample: Dictionary in _tick_bias_samples:
		var sample_bias: float = sample["bias_ms"]
		if sample_bias < best:
			best = sample_bias
	_tick_bias_ms = best


# Bias-corrected replacement for NetInterpolator.to_tick(server_time_est) —
# use this instead of calling to_tick() directly on a server-time estimate.
func _estimated_tick(server_time_ms: float) -> float:
	return NetInterpolator.to_tick(server_time_ms - _tick_bias_ms)


func _current_interp_delay_ms() -> float:
	var rtt := NetworkManager.rtt_ms
	var one_way := (rtt / 2.0) if rtt >= 0.0 else INTERP_DELAY_MIN_MS
	return clampf(one_way + SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS * 1.5, INTERP_DELAY_MIN_MS, INTERP_DELAY_MAX_MS)


# Client-only stats for task 3.7's debug overlay, discovered via the "game"
# group the same way HUDController finds this node — no direct reference
# needed, and the overlay degrades gracefully (has_method check) against
# any mode that doesn't implement this at all.
func get_net_debug_stats() -> Dictionary:
	var snapshot_age_ms := 0.0
	if NetworkManager.rtt_ms >= 0.0:
		var estimated_now_tick := _estimated_tick(NetworkManager.get_server_time_estimate_ms())
		snapshot_age_ms = (estimated_now_tick - float(_last_received_snapshot_tick)) * NetInterpolator.TICK_MS
	return {
		"input_buffer_depth": _last_known_input_buffer_depth,
		"input_lead": _input_lead_controller.lead,
		"snapshot_age_ms": snapshot_age_ms,
		"snapshot_loss_pct": _snapshot_loss_ewma * 100.0,
	}


# Collider time: present-time estimate, applied once per physics tick.
func _physics_process(_delta: float) -> void:
	# Automatic multiplayer polling is disabled project-wide (task 1.3) —
	# every scene that sends/receives RPCs has to poll manually, and this
	# one is no exception. Missing this meant NOTHING sent after entering
	# this scene ever actually reached the wire in either direction
	# (queued but never flushed) — found via the two-process smoke test,
	# not by inspection.
	NetworkManager.poll()
	if _owns_world_simulation():
		_respawn_escaped_bodies()
	if multiplayer.is_server():
		# Once per tick, before the step (§3.2) — RLShipController reads
		# .action lazily in the ship's own _integrate_forces, which for this
		# tick already ran (physics step precedes _physics_process, §9
		# gotcha 34), so this actually takes effect on the NEXT tick's step.
		# That's the same one-tick input latency Phase 2 already had; this
		# just replaces "read the newest packet naively" with a real
		# sequence-tracked ring buffer that survives redundant/reordered/
		# lost packets.
		for slot in _slots:
			slot.controller.action = slot.jitter_buffer.consume()
		if _pending_reset_gen_bump and Engine.get_physics_frames() > _pending_reset_gen_bump_tick:
			_reset_gen = (_reset_gen + 1) % 256
			_pending_reset_gen_bump = false
		_broadcast_snapshot()
		return

	_send_local_input()
	# get_server_time_estimate_ms() is meaningless before the first pong
	# lands (network_manager.gd's own doc comment says so explicitly) — an
	# adversarial review found this was used unguarded here, which against
	# a long-running dedicated server (clock_offset_ms == 0.0, so this
	# process's own short uptime is compared against the server's enormous
	# tick count) freezes every remote body at the oldest buffered pose for
	# the whole first second of every match.
	if NetworkManager.rtt_ms < 0.0:
		return
	var server_time_est := NetworkManager.get_server_time_estimate_ms()
	var collider_tick := _estimated_tick(server_time_est)
	for slot in _slots:
		if is_instance_valid(slot.ship) and slot.interpolator.has_samples():
			_apply_collider_state(slot.ship, slot.interpolator.sample_at(collider_tick))
	if is_instance_valid(ball) and _ball_interpolator.has_samples():
		_apply_collider_state(ball, _ball_interpolator.sample_at(collider_tick))


# Visual time: present-minus-INTERP_DELAY, applied once per rendered frame —
# separate from the collider update above so a high-refresh client samples
# remote motion at true render rate instead of repeating the same 60Hz value
# several times in a row (§2.4's "240 distinct positions/s, not 60").
#
# Ball only gets the VFX half of this (trail speed), not a transform write:
# unlike Ship, Ball has no separate $Visual child to offset from its
# collider (task 0.2's Visual-node split was scoped to Ship only) — giving
# it one is a bigger structural change than Phase 2's remit, so for now the
# ball's rendered position is whatever _physics_process's present-time
# collider update leaves it at, one tick behind true dual-time smoothness.
func _process(_delta: float) -> void:
	# §7 task 1.3: poll for receive unconditionally at the top of both
	# _process and _physics_process, not just physics — a snapshot that
	# lands between ticks can be rendered immediately at high refresh rates
	# instead of waiting for the next physics step.
	NetworkManager.poll()
	if multiplayer.is_server() or _slots.is_empty():
		return
	if NetworkManager.rtt_ms < 0.0:
		return
	var server_time_est := NetworkManager.get_server_time_estimate_ms()
	var visual_tick := _estimated_tick(server_time_est - _current_interp_delay_ms())
	for slot in _slots:
		if is_instance_valid(slot.ship) and slot.interpolator.has_samples():
			_apply_ship_visual_state(slot.ship, slot.interpolator.sample_at(visual_tick))
	if is_instance_valid(ball) and _ball_interpolator.has_samples():
		var state := _ball_interpolator.sample_at(visual_tick)
		if state != null:
			(ball as Ball).set_visual_speed(state.linear_velocity.length())


func _apply_collider_state(body: RigidBody3D, state: NetBodyState) -> void:
	if state == null:
		return
	body.global_transform = Transform3D(Basis(state.rotation), state.position)


func _apply_ship_visual_state(ship: Ship, state: NetBodyState) -> void:
	if state == null:
		return
	if is_instance_valid(ship.visual):
		ship.visual.global_transform = Transform3D(Basis(state.rotation), state.position)
	ship.set_visual_action(state.thrust_z, state.turbo)


func _on_score_update_received(new_score: Dictionary) -> void:
	score = new_score.duplicate()
	score_changed.emit(score.duplicate())